EPSG:1024

Note: These formulas have been transcribed from EPSG Guidance Note #7-2. Users are encouraged to use that document rather than the text which follows as reference because limitations in the transcription will be avoided.

This method is utilised by some popular web mapping and visualisation applications. It applies standard Mercator (Spherical) formulas (method code 1026) to ellipsoidal coordinates and the sphere radius is taken to be the semi-major axis of the ellipsoid. This approach only approximates to the more rigorous application of ellipsoidal formulas to ellipsoidal coordinates (as given in EPSG dataset coordinate operation method codes 9804 and 9805).  Unlike either the spherical or ellipsoidal Mercator projection methods, this method is not conformal: scale factor varies as a function of azimuth, which creates angular distortion. Despite angular distortion there is no convergence in the meridian. 

The formulas to derive projected Easting and Northing coordinates from ellipsoidal latitude (lat) and longitude (lon) first derive the radius of the sphere (R) from:
	R = a

Then applying spherical Mercator formulae:

	E = FE + R(lon - lonO)              
	N = FN + R ln[tan(pi/4 + lat/2)]                   
where FE and FN are false easting and false nothing at the projection origin, other symbols are as listed above and logarithms are natural.

If latitude lat = 90º, N is infinite. The above formula for N will fail near to the pole, and should not be used poleward of 88º.

The reverse formulas to derive latitude and longitude on the sphere from E and N values are:
	D = -(N-FN)/R = (FN-N)/R
	lat = pi/2 - 2 atan(e^D) where e=base of natural logarithms, 2.7182818...
	lon = [(E - FE)/R] + lonO

If q_alpha is the scale factor at a given azimuth alpha, it is a function of R', the radius of curvature at that azimuth derived from:
	R' = rho nu / (nu cos^2alpha + rho sin^2alpha)
	q_alpha = R / (R' cos lat)
where rho and nu are the radii of curvature of the ellipsoid at latitude lat in the plane of the meridian and perpendicular to the meridian respectively;
rho = a(1 - e^2)/(1 - e^2 sin^2(lat))^3/2
nu = a /(1 - e^2 sin^2(lat))^1/2

Then when the azimuth is 0º, 180º, 90º or 270º the scale factors in the meridian (h) and on the parallel (k) are:
	q_0 = q_180  = h = R / (rho cos(lat))
	q_90 = q_270 = k = R / (nu cos(lat))
which demonstrates the non-conformallity of the Pseudo Mercator method.

Maximum angular distortion omega is a function of latitude and is found from:
	omega = 2 asin{[ABS(h - k)] / (h + k)}