EPSG:9832

Modified Azimuthal Equidistant

Attributes

Data source: EPSG

Information source: "Map Projections - A Working Manual" by John P. Snyder, USGS Professional Paper 1395.

Revision date: 2023-06-29

Remarks: Modified form of Oblique Azimuthal Equidistant projection method developed for Polynesian islands. For the distances over which these projections are used (under 800km) this modification introduces no significant error.

Formula

Note: These formulas have been transcribed from EPSG Guidance Note #7-2. Users are encouraged to use that document rather than the text which follows as reference because limitations in the transcription will be avoided.

First calculate a constant for the projection:
nu_O = a /(1 – e^2 sin^2(latO))^0.5

Then the forward conversion from latitude and longitude is given by:
nu = a /(1 – e^2 sin^2(lat))^0.5
psi = atan [(1 – e^2) tan(lat) + e^2 * nu_O * sin(latO)  / (nu * cos(lat))]
alpha = atan2{sin (lon – lonO) , [cos(latO) * tan(psi) – sin(latO) * cos (lon – lonO)]} (see implementation notes in GN7-2 preface for atan2 convention)
G  = e sin(latO) / (1 – e^2)^0.5
H = e cos(latO) * cos(alpha) / (1 – e^2)^0.5
Then
if sin(alpha)) = 0,  s = asin (cos(latO) * sin(psi) – sin(latO) * cos(psi)) * SIGN(cos(alpha))
else                     s = asin [sin (lon – lonO) * cos(psi) / sin(alpha))

and in either case
c = nu_O * s {[1 – s^2 * H^2 (1 – H^2) /6] + [(s^3/8)GH(1-2H^2)] + (s^4/120)[H^2(4-7H^2) – 3G^2(1-7H^2)] – [(s^5/48)GH]}

Then
	E = FE + * sin(alpha)
	N = FN + * cos(alpha)

For the reverse conversion from easting and northing to latitude and longitude:
	c' = [(E FE)^2 + (N – FN)^2]^0.5
alpha' = atan2 [(E – FE) , (N – FN)]
	A = e^2 * cos^2(latO) * cos^2(alpha') / (1 – e^2)
	B 3e^2 * (1-A) * sin(latO) * cos(latO) * cos(alpha') / (1 – e^2)
	D = c'nu_O
	J = D – [A (1 + AD^3 / 6] – [B (1 + 3A) D^4 / 24]
	K = 1 – (* J^2 / 2) – (B *J^3 / 6)
psi' = asin (sin(latO) cos(J) + cos(latO) sin(J) cos(alpha'))

Then
lat = atan [(1 – e^2 * K sin(latO) / sin(psi')) * tan(psi') / (1 – e^2)]
lon = lonO + asin (sin(alpha') * sin(J) / cos(psi'))

Example

See information source or EPSG Guidance Note 7.
MapTiler banner